Aircraft Contaminated Cabin Air - Aerotoxic Syndrome Science & Experts

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Neurotoxicity — the poisoning of the brain and nervous system—is a well-documented effect of exposure to many chemical substances, yet doctors (and lawyers) often fail to recognize it. A person who has suffered a serious chemical injury is likely to have sustained considerable damage to his or her brain and nervous system. This is important for a lawyer to know, because doctors often recognize only the person’s physical illness, not realizing that serious brain and nervous system damage may have also occurred.

A multitude of chemical substances is present in the aircraft cabin air.  The fumes can be visible or invisible, they can leave behind certain 'smells' or not. Measurements have to date summed up over 300 substances (Jean Christope BALOUET PhD †). In the past the focus has been on 'tricresyl phosphate' (TCP) a chemcial from the family of organophosphates as the main health damaging substance. However, the case is more complex and the mixture of the various chemicals, from the engine oil to hydraulic oils, kerosene fumes to solvents, flame retardants and not to forget the insecticides for "disinsection". Their interaction and constant 'low level' presence from the "fall-out", residue that sticks to the linings of the walls, the seats and carpets in the closed environment of an aircraft must be taken into consideration.

Chronic exposure to low levels of some toxic chemicals can be even worse than a single acute exposure because the toxins acumulate over time and can cause from mild to severe nervous system and brain injury. The symptoms of brain injury from exposure to toxic chemicals vary widely. But there are ways you and your experts can pinpoint the damage and its cause. Please find (and use) below collection of scientific papers in relation to aircraft cabin air 'accidents' and ill-health. Find INFO you need for your doctor and medical staff / first responders/ paramedics HERE  - FREE downloads!

 ©AerotoxicTeam /BB-SCIENCE​​

You may want to use online translation programs to translate the available summaries (abstracts) of these studies into your own language. Even if the texts are scientific, you will be surprised how much you can understand.

• In vitro neurotoxicity screening of engine oil- and hydraulic fluid-derived aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination - 2023 - Lara Sophie Gerber ab, Regina G.D.M. van Kleef a, Paul Fokkens b, Flemming R. Cassee a, b, Remco HS Westerinka,*
  
• Aerotoxic syndrome in pilots: a post-mortem examination Department Of Pathology, Amsterdam Umc, 30-4-2019 Dr M. Bugiani, Prof. Dr. H.W.M. Niessen
  
• Using the grey literature to better understand the potential health impacts of cabin air quality  2023- Jean-Christophe Balouet1, Jean-Christophe Delahaye2, Michel F.A Mulder3, Sarah Dack4, David Megson4*
• Health consequences of exposure to aircraft contaminated air and fume events Jonathan Burdon1, Lygia Therese Budnik2, Xaver Baur3 et al. - 2023
• Physician's Guide To Pesticide Poisoning (The Texas A&M University System)
• Aerotoxic syndrome: A new occupational disease caused by contaminated cabin air? Author links open overlay panel G.Hagemana S.J.Mackenzie RossbJ.NihomaG.van der Laanc - 2022
• The Lung in Aerotoxic Syndrome - Jorge Roiga et al - April 2022. Read the comment to the authors HERE
• Gerard Hageman, Teake M. Pal, Jik Nihom, Sarah J. Mackenzie Ross & Martin van den Berg (2020) Aerotoxic syndrome, discussion of possible diagnostic criteria, Clinical Toxicology, 58:5, 414-416, DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1649419
• A cost-efficient design change for enhancing the aircraft cabin air supply -2021 - Graeme A. Davidson consulting aero-engineer
• Oil Fumes, Flight Safety, and the NTSB -Dec. 2021 - Judith Anderson, Dieter Scholz
• Occupational risk of organophosphates and other chemical and radiative exposure in the aircraft cabin: A systematic review -Nov.2021, Hayes, Megson, Doyle, O'Sullivan
• In vitro hazard characterization of simulated aircraft cabin bleed-air contamination in lung models using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure system - June 2021 - Rui-Wen He et al
• Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project: pooled analysis BMJ 2021
• Particulate matter from aircraft engines affects airways University Bern, Switzerland May 2016
• Aerotoxic Syndrome and Low Level Exposure to Nano Particles Bearnairdine Beaumont 2013
• Ultrafine particle levels measured on board short-haul commercial passenger jet aircraft Susan Michaelis1 et al
• Sources of Onboard Fumes and Smoke Reported by U.S. Airlines Anderson, Judith. 2021. "Sources of Onboard Fumes and Smoke Reported by U.S. Airlines" Aerospace 8, no. 5: 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8050122
• Irritant-induced Asthma Caused by Aerotoxic Syndrome 2021 Jorge Roig, Christian Domingo,Jonathan Burdon, Susan Michaelis 
• Study on the perception and prevention of health complaints in Frequent Flyers - Mulder, Aviation Medical Consult -2019
• Research Cabin Air Quality (CACE) - Bearnairdine Beaumont -2020 Neurotoxicity—the poisoning of the brain and nervous system—is a well-documented effect of exposure to many chemical substances.
• Cabin Air Contamination Events - Bearnairdine Beaumont 2020 - Teaching Paper: A Diagnostic Workup for the clinician to follow in order to determine the correct diagnosis for patients presenting with ‚undefined' symptoms...
• Aerotoxic Syndrome as a Mirce Mechanics Phenomenon
  2016 - Dr Jezdimir Knezevic
• Caution in undergoing vaccination following exposure to Organophosphates (5.7.)Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
• The Central Nervous System and Exposure to Toluene: A Risk Characterization Mark MGreenberg et al
• Low-Level Chemical Sensitivity: Implications For Research And Social Policy Nicholas A. Ashford, Ph.D., J.D. Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• ​​Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity Archives of Toxicology February 2017, Volume 91, Issue 2, pp 549–599 | Cite as (NOTE: connection > disinsection on aircraft)
• Toxic Effects of Organophosphates Pesticides. A Review
  Ayobami A. L. 1,*, Kade E. A. 1, Oladimeji K. A. 2, Kehinde S. 3 and Gurpreet K. 4
  
  
• FAA: Aircraft Cabin Bleed Air Contaminants: A Review
  Gregory A. Day Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Federal Aviation Administration Oklahoma City, OK 73125  November 2015
• Aerotoxic syndrome, discussion of possible diagnostic criteria Gerard Hageman, Teake M. Pal, Jik Nihom, Sarah J. Mackenzie Ross & Martin van den Berg 
• Neurocognitive, mental health, and glucose disorders in farmers exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. Malekirad AA1, Faghih M, Mirabdollahi M, Kiani M, Fathi A, Abdollahi M.​
• Organophosphates in aircraft cabin and cockpit air-method development & measurements of contaminants Kasper Solbu et al
• The Right to Healthy Indoor Air - WHO
• Pesticides as the drivers of neuropsychotic diseases, cancers, and teratogenicity among agro-workers as well as general public Seema  Patel1&Sushree Sangeeta2 Published online: 8 November 2018#Springer-Verlag  (NOTE: connection > disinsection on aircraft)  
• OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are too Permissive. Ronald N. Kostoff Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology Gainesville, VA, 20155
• Exposure to triaryl phosphates: metabolism and biomarkers of exposure Clement E. Furlong* - 2011
• Air Quality Within Commercial Aircraft - ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2018
• Elimination of Engine Bleed-Air Contamination - Henry A. Reddall - 1955 North American Aviation Inc.
• Routine Mechanical Causes of Air Supply Contamination - 2016 - by Graeme Davidson Engineer
• ​Aircraft Clean Air Requirements Using Bleed Air Systems. Michaelis,S. (2018) Engineering, 10, 142-172. Also available in 'Scientific Research': Aerospace Engineering.The original MSc thesis can be found via Cranfield University library and on Susan Michaelis PhD website
• Aerotoxic Syndrome: A New Occupational Disease? (adverse health effects experienced by aircrew exposed to aircraft contaminated air) Michaelis S. 1718c.Occup Environ Med 2018;75:A15
• Is a cumulative Exposure to a Background Aerosol of Nanoparticles Part of the Causal Mechanism of Aerotoxic Syndrome? - 2018 C. Vyvyan Howard, David W. Johnson, John Morton, Susan Michaelis, David Supplee, Jonathan Burdon 
• Recognizing Neurotoxicity - The symptoms of brain injury from exposure to hazards like lead paint and toxic chemicals vary widely. Raymond Singer and Dana Darby Johnson
  Competing Discourses in Aircraft Cabin Air Contamination : How to define a problem - 2017 - Arie Adriaensen
• Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals​ , ODonoghue. (1985). Neurotoxicity of Industrial and Commercial Chemicals. 1.​
• Characterization of Human Cytochrome P450s Involved in the Bioactivation of Tri-ortho-cresyl Phosphate (ToCP) Jelle Reinen, Leyla Nematollahi, Alex Fidder, Nico P. E. Vermeulen, Daan Noort, and Jan N. M. Commandeur Chemical Research in Toxicology 2015 28 (4), 711-721 DOI: 10.1021/tx500490v exc:  Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) is a multipurpose organophosphorus compound that is neurotoxic and suspected to be involved in aerotoxic syndrome in humans. 
• The Nature of Particulates in Aircraft Bleed Air Resulting from Oil Contamination - 2017 Byron W. Jones, PhD, PE Shahin Nayyeri Amiri, PhD Jake W. Roth Fellow ASHRAE
• Aerotoxic Syndrome: A new occupational disease? - 2017 Published by WHO - Susan Michaelis, Jonathan Burdon, C. Vyvyan Howard School of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom Consultant Respiratory Physician, Melbourne, Australia
• The Aetiology of  'Aerotoxic Syndrome’- A Toxico- Pathological Viewpoint.C V Howard, S Michaelis, A Watterson 1Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, UK Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, UK
• Modeling Flight Attendants’ Exposures to Pesticide in Disinsected Aircraft Cabins -2013 - Yong Zhang et al.
• Influence of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide on the Ca2+-ATPase activity of rat brain synaptosomes and leukocyte membranes - FriedhelmDielb 
• Pesticide illness among flight attendants due to aircraft disinsection.Sutton PM1 et al - 2007 
• Acute permethrin neurotoxicity: Variable presentations, high index of suspicion Bonny Dragoa et al - 2014  
• In-flight spraying in aircrafts: determination of the exposure scenario - Edith Berger-Preiss et al - 2004
• ​Organophosphate Report - The Pilot (Capt. Julian Soddy) p.15-16 - by John Harvey 2004
• Neurotoxicology: What the neurologist needs to know  JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY & PSYCHIATRY · OCT 2004 · Source: PubMed 
• Crew Effects from Toxic Exposures on Aircraft C. Winder (u) · S. Michaelis School of Safety Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia
• Aircraft Air Quality Malfunction Incidents: Causation, Regulatory, Reporting and Rates C. Winder (u) · S. Michaelis School of Safety Science, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Sydney, Australia
• Smoke/fumes in the cockpit. Rayman RB, McNaughton GB.
• A comparison of fresh and used aircraft oil for the identification of toxic substances linked to aerotoxic syndrome David Megson et al.
• AEROTOXIC SYNDROME - health effects following exposure to jet oil mist during commercial flight Chris Winder (†} School of Safety Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052, Australia - Jean-Christophe Balouet Environment
• Journal of biological physics and chemistry – the problem of contaminated aircraft cabin air. Published jointly by Collegium Basilea (Institute of Advanced Study) and Association of Modern Scientific Investigation on 12th december, volume 14number 4. - Erratum Jeremy J. Ramsden
• Summary of documents that address potential flight safety impact of exposure to confirmed/suspected oil-contaminated ventilation air on commercial and military aircraft, and supporting documentation J.Andersen
• Ill health following reported exposure to contaminated air on commercial aircraft: psychosomatic disorder or neurological injury? Dr Sarah MacKenzie Ross
• Jet engine oil consumption as a surrogate for measuring chemical contamination in aircraft cabin air​ Professor Jeremy J.Ramsden
• Oil bearing seals and aircraft cabin air contamination - Sealing Technology. April 2016 Michaelis, S. (2016)
• The Inapplicability of Exposure Standards Michaelis, S (2017)
• Contaminated Aircraft Cabin Air - Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 11 No 4 12/ 2011. pp 132-145 Michaelis, S. (2012)
• Proceedings of the BALPA Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Conference. Held at Imperial College, London, 20-21 April 2005 
• Aircraft air quality malfunction incidents: Design frequency and severity of toxic effects. In: Hocking, M., editor, Air Quality in Airplane Cabins and Similar Enclosed Spaces. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 4: 249-266 - Best, R., Michaelis, S. (2005)
• A Survey of Health Symptoms in BALPA Boeing 757 Pilots - The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety; Australia and New Zealand 19: 253-261 - Michaelis, S. (2003)
• A survey of health symptoms in BAe 146 pilots - The Journal of Occupational Health and Safety; Australia and New Zealand 18: 305-312 Cox, L., Michaelis, S. (2002)
• Aviation Contaminated Air Reference Manual - ISBN 9780955567209 – book - Michaelis, S. (2007)
• M17 Medical aspects of work-related exposure to Organophosphates (MS17) - HSE Health and Safety Executive first published 1980, 2nd 1987, 3rd 2000 - Her Majesty's Stationary Office, Norwich, England
• Autoantibodies to nervous system-specific proteins are elevated in sera of flight crew members: biomarkers for nervous system injury.  Abou-Donia MB1, Abou-Donia MM, ElMasry EM, Monro JA, Mulder MF.
• Autoantibody markers of neural degeneration are associated with post-mortem histopathological alterations of a neurologically injured pilot M.B. Abou-Donia,1, * F.R.W. van de Goot2 and M .F.A. Mulder
• Cognitive impairment and associated loss in brain white microstructure in aircrew members exposed to engine oil fumes. Reneman L1,2, Schagen SB3, Mulder M4, Mutsaerts HJ5, Hageman G4, de Ruiter MB5,3.
• Organophosphorus Ester-Induced Chronic Neurotoxicity Abou-Donia MB.:2003, Archives of Environmental Health. 58:484 497
• Reaction of Cresyl Saligenin Phosphate, the Organophosphorus Agent Implicated in Aerotoxic Syndrome, with Human Cholinesterases -  Carletti et al: Mechanistic Studies Employing Kinetics, Mass Spectrometry, and X-ray Structure Analysis, Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2011, 24, 797–808, 2011
• Organophosphate and Amine Contamination of Cockpit Air in the Hawk, F-111 and Hercules C-130 Aircraft. Hanhela P., Kibby J., et al.:  DSTO Report, RR-0303. Defence Science and Technology Organization, Melbourne. 2005
• “New findings in aircrew exposed to airborne contaminants: Long-term health effects confirmed“ Journal of Occupational Health & Safety, Australia & New Zealand, Vol 21, Number 5, August 2005
• Organophosphate Ester Induced Chronic Neurotoxicity (OPICN) Abou-Donia, Mohamed B.:
• Lung Injury Following Hydrocarbon Inhalation in BAe 146 Aircrew Burdon, Jonathan MD and Allan R Glanville MD:
• Illness Related to Cabin Air: A Survey of Symptoms and Treatment Among Commercial Pilots and Cabin Crew,  Harper Andrew MD
• Clinical Evaluation of Flight Attendants After Exposure to Fumes in Cabin Air , Heuser, G. MD.,
• Aircraft Air Quality Incidents, Symptoms, Exposures and Possible Solutions Somers Netten van , C.
• Assessing over Thirty Flight Crew who have Presented as a Result of Being Unwell after Exposure to Fumes on the BAe 146 Jet - Moira, MD
• Health and Flight Safety Implications from Exposure to Contaminated Air in Aircraft, Dissertation Michaelis, S., PhD:Nov. 2010, University of New South Wales, ISBN: 978-0-95-554377-7
• Determination of ortho-cresyl phosphate isomers of tricresyl phosphate used in aircraft turbine engine oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.Journal of Chromatography - Nola, G. De, J. Kibby1, W. Mazurek: A, 1200 (2008) 211 216 Royal Australian Air Force: Singh B. Aviation Safety Spotlight 0304: In-Flight Smoke and Fumes,2004, RA 
• Methodology for air sampling of organophosphates originating from turbine- and hydraulic oils, 2007
• Incident sampler of VOCs and volatile organophosphates, 2010
• Organophosphates in aircraft cabin and cockpit air method development and measurements of contaminants, 2011,
• C Solbu, Daae, Olsen, Thourud et al.: Organophosphates in aircraft cabin and cockpit air, Feb. 2011, Journal of Enviromental Monitoring, DOI: 10.1039/c0em00763c
• Treon, J. F. , Cappel, J. W. , Cleveland, F. P. , Larson, E. E. , Atchley, R. W. and Denham, R. T.: The Toxicity of the Products Formed by the Thermal Decomposition of Certain Organic Substances, 1955, American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly, 16: 3, 187 195
• AMA CAT (1953) Aviation Toxicology: an Introduction to the Subject and a Handbook of Data. AeroMedical Association Committee of Aviation Toxicology, Blakiston, USA
• Tupper CR (1989) Chemical hazards in aeromedical aircraft.
• Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 60:73–75
• ASHRAE (1999) Air Quality Within Commercial Aircraft: ASHRAE Standard 161. American Society for Heating, Refrigeration, Airconditioning and Energy, Atlanta
• MattieDR, Hoeflich TJ, Jones CE, Horton ML,Whitmire RE, Godin CS, Femming CD, Andesen ME (1993) The comparative toxicity of operational air force hydraulic fluids. Toxicology and Industrial Health 9:995–1016
• Winder C, Balouet J-C (2002) Toxic ingredients in commercial jet fuels. Environmental Research 89:146–164 FAA (1965)
• Federal Air Regulations, Transport Category Airplanes, Airworthiness Standards, Section 25.831. US Federal Aviation Authority, Washington, DC Balouet J-C, Winder C (1999)
• Aerotoxic syndrome in air crew as a result of exposure to airborne contaminants in aircraft. Paper presented at the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Symposium on Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins New Orleans, USA, 27-28 October 2000
• Winder C, Balouet J-C (2001) Symptoms of irritation and toxicity in aircrew as a result of exposure to airborne chemicals in aircraft. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety – Australian and New Zealand 17:471–483 IPCS (1998) Concise International Chemical Assessment Document No 9: N-Phenyl-1- naphthylamine. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva
• Kalimo K, Jolanki R, Estlander T, Kanerva L (1989) Contact allergy to antioxidants in industrial greases. Contact Dermatitis 20:151–152 Carmichael AJ, Foulds IS (1990)
• Isolated naphthylamine allergy to phenyl- alphanapthylamine. Contact Dermatitis 22:298–299
• Wang H-W, Wang D, Dzeng R-W (1984) Carcinogenicity of n-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and n-phenyl- 2-naphthylamine in mice. Research 44:3098–3100
• Jarvholm B, Lavenius B (1981) A cohort study on cancer among workers exposed to an antirust oil.Scandinavian J Work Environment and Health 7:179–184 US NTP (1988)
• Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (feed studies).
• US National Toxicology Program, Aldridge WN (1954)
• Tricresyl phosphate and cholinesterase. Biochemical J 56:185– 189
• Johnson MK (1975) Structure activity relationship for substrates and inhibitors of hen brain neurotoxic esterase.Biochemical Pharmacology 24:797–805
• Minton NA, Murray VSG (1988) A review of organophosphate poisoning.Medical Toxicology 3:350–375
• Johnson MK (1975) Organophosphorus esters causing delayed neurotoxic effects. Archives of Toxicology 34:259–288
• Metcalf RL (1982) Historical perspective of organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 3:269–284
• Baron RL (1981) Delayed neurotoxicity and other consequences of organophosphate esters. Annual Reviews of Entolomology 26:29–48
• Johnson MK (1990) Organophosphates and delayed neuropathy–Is NTE alive and well?Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 102:385–399
• Senanayake N, Karalliede L (1987) Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus esters. An intermediate syndrome.New England J Medicine 316:761–763
• Jamal GA (1997) Neurological syndromes of organophosphorus compounds. Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicology Reviews 16:133–170
• Savage EP, Keefe TF, Mounce LM, Heaton JA, Burcar PJ (1988) Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphorus pesticide intoxication. Archives of Environmental Health 43:38–45
• Gershon S, Shaw FB (1961) Psychiatric sequelae of chronic exposure to organophosphorous insecticides. Lancet 1:1371–1374
• Metcalf DR, Holmes JH (1969) EEG, psychological and neurological alterations in humans with organophosphorous exposure. Annals New York Academy Science 160:357–365
• Callender TJ, Morrow L, Subramanian K (1994) Evaluation of chronic neurological sequelae after acute pesticide exposure using SPECT brain scans. J Toxicology and Environmental Health 41:275– 284
• Henschler D, Bayer HH (1958) Toxicologic studies of triphenyl phosphate, trixenyl phosphates, and triaryl phosphates from mixtures of homogenous phenols. Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 233:512–517
• Daughtrey W, Biles R, Jortner B, Erlich M (1996) Subchronic delayed neurotoxicity evaluation of jet engine lubricants containing phosphorus additives. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 32:244–249
• Exposure to triaryl phosphates: metabolism and biomarkers of exposure Clement E. Furlong*
• Montgomery MR, Wier GT, Zieve FJ, Anders MW (1977) Human intoxication following inhalation exposure to synthetic jet lubricating oil. Clinical Toxicology 11:423–426
• Rayman RB, McNaughton GB (1983) Smoke/fumes in the cockpit. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 67:738–740
• Tashkin DP, Coulson AH, Simmons MS, Spivey GH (1983) Respiratory symptoms of flight attendants during high altitude flight: Possible relation to cabin ozone exposure. Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 52:117–137
• Sparks PS, Simon GE, Katon WJ, Altman LC, Ayars GH, Johnson RL (1990) An outbreak of illness among aerospace workers.Western J Medicine 158:28–33
• NAS (2001) The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew. US National Academy of Science, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
• Singh B (2004) In flight smoke and fumes. Aviation Safety Spotlight, March 2004
• Fox R (1997) Air Quality Testing Aboard Ansett Airlines BAe 146 Aircraft: Final Report. Allied Signal Aerospace, 25 November 1997
• Craig P, Barth M (1999) Evaluation of the hazards of industrial exposure to tricresyl phosphate:
• A review and interpretation of the literature. J Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B Critical Reviews 2:281–300. Consultants, Mobil Business resources Coorporation, NJ
• WHO (1986) Diseases caused by asphyxiants: Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen cyanide and its toxic derivatives, and Hydrogen sulfide. Early Detection of Occupational Diseases.World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 154–164​
• Kayser, C., “General Features of the Problems of Aviation Toxicology,”Aviation Toxicology: An Introduction to the Subject and a Handbook of Data, Committee on Aviation Toxicology, Aero Medical Association. The Blakiston Company, NY, 1953, p. 1.
• Robins, C. S., “737 Air Conditioning Engine Bleed Air Contamination,” Boeing Company report prepared for United Airlines, 1968.
• Montgomery, M. R., Wier, G. T., Zieve, F. J., and Anders, M. W., “Human Intoxication Following Inhalation Exposure to Synthetic Jet Lubricating Oil,” Clin. Toxicol., Vol. 11, No. 4, 1977, pp. 423– 426.
• NRC, The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew, U.S. National Research Council,​ ISBN 0-309-08289-7, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002, pp. 110– 121.
• Bobb, A. J. and Still, K. R., “Known Harmful Effects of Constituents of Jet Oil Smoke,” TOXDET- 03-04, Naval Health Research Center Detachment _Toxicology_, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 2003.
• Hanhela, P. J., Kibby, J., DeNola, G., and Mazurek, W., “Organophosphate and Amine Contamination of Cockpit Air in the Hawk F-111, and Hercules
• C-130 Aircraft,” DSTO-RR- 0303, 2005, Australian Government Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
• Harper, A., “A Survey of Health Effects in Aircrew Exposed to Airborne Contaminants,” J. Occup. Health Saf. Aust. N.Z., Vol. 21, No. 5, 2005, pp. 433–439.
• Coxon, L., “Neuropsychological Assessment of a Group of BAe146 Aircraft Crewmembers Exposed to Jet Engine Oil Emissions,” J. Occup. Health Saf. Aust. N.Z., Vol. 18, No. 4, 2002, pp. 313–319.
• Kelso, A. G., Charlesworth, J. M., and McVea, G. G., “Contamination of Environmental Control Systems in Hercules Aircraft:MRL-R-1116, AR-005-230,” Australian Government Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1988.
• Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C., Endecott, B. R., et al., “Inhalation Toxicology: III. Evaluation of Thermal Degradation of Products from Aircraft and Automobile Engine Oils, Aircraft Hydraulic Fluid, and Mineral Oil,”
• Aviation Medicine Report FAAAM-83-12, Civil Aeromedical Institute, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK, 1983. Rayman, R. B. and McNaughton, G. B., “Smoke/Fumes in the Cockpit,” Aviat., Space Environ. Med., Vol. 54, No. 8, 1983, pp. 738–740.
• van Netten, C. and Leung, V., “Hydraulic Fluids and Jet Engine Oil: Pyrolysis and Aircraft Air Quality,”Arch. Environ. Health, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2001, pp. 181–186.
• van Netten, C. and Leung, V., “Comparison of the Constituents of Two Jet Engine Oil Lubricating Oils and Their Volatile Pyrolytic Degradation Products,” Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., Vol. 15, No. 3, 2000, pp. 277–283. van Netten, C.​
• “Analysis of Two Jet Engine Lubricating Oils and a Hydraulic Fluid: Their Pyrolytic Breakdown Products and Their Implications on Aircraft AirQuality,” Air Quality and Comfort in Airliner Cabins, ASTM STP 1393, N. L. Nagda, Ed., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, pp. 61–75.
• ACARM, “Chapter 12: Frequency of Events and Underreporting,” Aviation Contaminated Air Reference Manual, Michaelis, S., Ed., ISBN 9780955567209, London, England, 2007, pp. 211–248.
• Ballough, J., “Smoke in the Cockpit,” Presentation at the U.S.–Europe International Aviation Safety Conference by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Director of Flight Standards Service, Washington,DC, 2006.​
• FAA, “Flight Standards Information Bulletin for Airworthiness _FSAW_ 06-05A: Guidance for Smoke/Fumes in the Cockpit/Cabin,” Order 8300.10, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, 2006.
• Craig, P. H. and Barth, M. L., “Evaluation of the Hazards of Industrial Exposure to Tricresyl Phosphate: A Review and Interpretation of the Literature,” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B: Crit. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 4, 1999, pp. 281–300.
• Weiner, M. L. and Jortner, B. S., “Organophosphate-Induced Neurotoxicity of Triarylphosphates,” Neurotoxicology, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1999, pp. 653–673.
• Daughtrey, W., Biles, R., Jortner, B., et al., “Subchronic Delayed Neurotoxicity Evaluation of Jet Engine Lubricants Containing Phosphorus Additives,” Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., Vol. 32, 1996, pp. 244–249.
• Jamal, G. A., Hansen, G., and Julu, P. O. O., “Low Level Exposures to Organophosphorus Esters May Cause Neurotoxicity,”Toxicology, Vol. 181–182, 2002, pp. 23–33.
• Bull, K. and Yeomans, H. “Outside Air Treatment Solutions for Aircraft,” Technical paper produced by Pall Aerospace _Issue 1_, Pall Europe Ltd., 2007.
• ASHRAE, “Standard 161: Air Quality Within Commercial Aircraft: BSR/ASHRAE Standard 161- 2007,” American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA, 2008​
• Orientations sur les pratiques éducatives, de formation et de compte rendu concernant les émanations Orientations sur les pratiques éducatives, de formation et de compte rendu concernant les émanations (Numéro de commande : CIR 344 ISBN 978-92-9249-873-3 ). - ICAO

Much of above listed science was researched by Bleedfree.eu,  and used for the award winning documentary film UNFILTERED BREATHED IN by Tim van Beveren, view trailer:  tvbmedia.de


EXPERTS (alphabetical order)

• Professor M. Abou Donia, professor of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology
• Jean-Christophe BALOUET, Ph. D. environmental forensics
• Dr. Jonathan Burdon AM, Consultant Respiratory Physician
• Professor Clement Furlong, Research Professor of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington
• Mr. David Gee, Visiting Fellow, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies - Brunel University
• Ass. Prof. Dr. Astrid Heutelbeck, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
• Professor Vyvyan Howard, Professor of Pathology (Toxicology) - University of Ulster
• Dr. Susan Michaelis PhD, MSc - University of Stirling/Health and Safety Consultant.
• John Morton - Chairman, European Sealing Association
• Michel Mulder MD, medical doctor specializing in aviation medicine
• Dr. Mark Montgomery - Toxicologist
• Professor Chris van Netten, Environmental Toxicology (Emeritus) - University of British Columbia
• Dr. Vincent Peynet, Directeur Institut de Recherche et d'Expertise
• Professor Jeremy Ramsden - honorary professor of Nanotechnology, University of Buckingham, UK
• Professor Dr. Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME - Aircraft Design and Systems Group (AERO) - Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
• Professor Colin Soskolne, Department of Public Health Sciences - Collegium Ramazzini and University of Alberta
• Dr. Alvin V. Terry Jr. PhD, Chairman, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology - Augusta University
• Professor Chris Winder († 2014), professor in applied Toxicology and Occupational Health and Safety at the University of New South Wales (UNSW)

Evidence from over
​60 years ago!
(examples)​

• Dr. J.G. Gaume, M.D. in Aviation Medicine Safety Research Science Research, 1973
• Cabin Air Contamination -1955 - Special Report - Ted A. Loomis, Captain, MCStephen Krop, Ph. D.
  
• Boeing Airplane Company - 1953 Air Contamination Problem (full document available on request)
• Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories Army Chemical Centre Maryland/ Ted A. Loomis - 1955 Cabin Air Contamination
• ​The Toxicity of the Products Formed by the Thermal Decomposition of certain Toxic Substances - 1955- TREON
• Human Intoxication Following Inhalation Exposure to Synthetic Jet Lubricating Oil - 1977
• Principles and Practice - Aviation Medicine  - 1939 - Harry G. Armstrong, Medical Corps, Aero Medical Research Laboratory, Air Corps Material Division ).
• Carbon monoxide contamination in aircraft - detection and prevention. - 1972 - FAA Department of Transportation
• Effects on Experimental Animals of Long- Term Continuous Inhalation of a Triaryl Phosphate Hydraulic Fluid - 1964, U.S. Navy Toxicology Unit. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 7: 543-549 Solbu, K. (National Institute of Occupational Health, Norwegen):Siegel J., Rudolph H., et al
• Treon J. F. et al. : Toxicity Of Certain Lubricants, Engine Oils, And Certain Of Their Constituents, With Particular Reference To The Products Of Their Thermal Decomposition, 1954, WADC TR 54- 344. Corporate Author: Kettering Laboratory, University Of Cincinnati. Aero Medical Laboratory Contract No. AF33(038)-26456. RDO No. 698-31, Wright Air Development Center, Air Research And Development Command, United States Air Force- Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 1 November 1954.
• Henschler D, Bayer HH (1958) Toxicologic studies of triphenyl phosphate, trixenyl phosphates, and triaryl phosphates from mixtures of homogenous phenols. Archives of Experimental Pathology and Pharmacology 233:512–517
• Eyer P (1955) Neuropsychopathological changes by organophosphorus compounds– a review. Human and Experimental Toxicology 14:857–864 Kilburn KH (1999) Evidence for chronic neurobehavioral impairment from chlorpyrifos and organophosphate insecticide (Dursban) used indoors. Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology 1:153–162
• Dille JR, Smith PW (1964) Central nervous system effects of chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides. Aerospace Medicine 35:475–478
• Earl CJ, Thompson RHS (1952) Cholinesterase levels in the nervous system in triortho- cresyl phosphate poisoning. British J Pharmacology 7:685–694
• Cholinesterase levels in the nervous system in Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate poisoning - 1952 - C.J. Earl and R.H.S. Thompson
  
  
  

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